powerpoint Presentation On French Revolution Download

Presentation Transcript

1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

2. Map of Europe 1600's

3. Comparing Europe Map of Europe 1600's Map of Europe 1721

4. Europe 2012

5. Enlightenment • Also known as the Age of Reason. • Def. An elite cultural movement of intellects in 18th Century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. • It opposed intolerance and abuse in the Church and state.

6. Enlightenment (Cont.) • Originated about 1650 – 1700. • Sparked by philosophers Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Pierre Bayle and mathematician Isaac Newton.

7. Four Social Classes 1789 • Nobility –upper class • Bourgeoisie – the middle class • Proletariat – town working class • Peasants –lower class • King was still the ruling class. (Louis XVI)

8. The Three Estates 1789 The First Estate: • The bishops and clergy control of the land. • They represented the traditional authority of the church over all secular power. • Consisted of the rich and poor. • Exempt from most taxation. • There were wealthy aristocrats called abbots who lived in luxury off of wealthy church lands. • The poor parish priests lived much like peasants.

9. The Second Estate • The lords and nobles of France. (called the Nobility) • Once had considerable authority over their own regions, but the king had tried to centralize all power to himself. • Inherited their titles and wealth came from the land. • Some of the nobles had little money, but had privileges of noble rank. Most enjoyed privileges and wealth. Paid little tax.

10. The Third Estate • The bourgeoisie, proletariat and peasants. • The middle class was becoming the powerful group in the sense of wealth and value. • Were the common people and by far, the largest group of people in France. • Included the wealthy merchants who rivaled the nobility, doctors, lawyers, shopkeepers, the urban poor and the peasants who worked the land. (very diverse group)

11. The Moderate Stage • 1789 - 1792

12. The French Revolution Begins • Louis XVI asked the First and Second Estates to accept tax on their land, but they refused. • A major financial crisis followed, which touched off the French Revolution in 1789.

13. Causes of the French Revolution • Social Inequality (outdated 'feudal system' and classes) • Inefficient Government • Taxes and laws differed from province to province causing confusion and injustice. • Enormous Debt • When Louis XIV died in 1715, the treasury was drained from wars. • The government was poor, the clergy and nobility were not. • The king had no authority to tax the wealthy.

14. Causes of the French Revolution(Cont.) • Weak/unresponsive monarchy. • Food shortages, poor farming conditions and cold winters. • Ideas of the Enlightenment. (society wanting reform) • Growing class disparity between: • Old nobility vs. emerging wealthy bourgeoisie (privileges). • Lower classes (overtaxed) vs. landlords.

15. Map of Europe 1789

16. Meeting of Versailles May 5, 1789

17. Versailles • Estates-General met at Versailles in May, 1789. • Delegates could not agree on a method of voting. • In order for an issue to pass, two of the three estates had to agree. • Clergy and Nobility usually voted the same; Third Estate was thus left out. • The delegates of the Third Estate were mostly Bourgeoisie. • They wanted the 3 Estates to meet together, with each delegate having one vote. • Because half of the 1200 delegates were from the Third Estate, they thought they would have a chance to bring about reform.

18. The National Assembly • The Third Estate's delegates forced the Estates to meet as one body. • On June 17, 1789, they declared themselves the National Assembly and invited the other Estates to join them. • On the advice of the nobles, Louis XVI ordered the three Estates to continue to meet separately.

19. Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789

20. The Tennis Court Oath • The delegates of the Third Estate were locked out at the meeting in Versailles, so they moved to the palace's indoor tennis court. • Many of the clergy and some nobles joined them. • Defying the king, they demanded a constitution for France and would not leave until this goal was achieved. • The oath they took came to be called the Tennis Court Oath.

21. The Results • Faced with solid opposition, Louis gave in. • After a week, he ordered all nobility and clergy to join the Third Estate in the National Assembly. • The king's recognition of the National Assembly was the first victory for the Bourgeoisie. • Louis soon sent 18 000 soldiers to Versailles.

22. Bastille • On July 14, 1789, the people of Paris massed outside the Bastille. They were already angry because of food shortages, unemployment and high prices. • This stone prison had become a hated symbol of oppression to the Parisians. • Seeking guns and gunpowder, the crowd charged into the courtyard.

23. Bastille

24. Bastille (Cont.) • The prison commander panicked and ordered the guards to open fire. • Nearly 100 people were shot dead before the crowd overwhelmed the defenders and killed the commander. • His head and the head of the mayor of Paris were stuck on poles and paraded through the streets of Paris.

25. The Attack • The attack on Bastille frightened the king into calling back his troops. • The people of Paris had won another victory. • Their bold action had saved the National Assembly. • Today, the French people mark July 14 as Bastille Day. (their day of national celebration)

26. The Great Fear • Rumors spread that the nobles were organizing armed bands to kill peasants and seize their property. • A feeling of fear and desperation, called the Great Fear, took hold of the people. • Peasants burned the lords' manors and destroyed records of payments due. • Middle-class landowners and well-to-do farmers also lost their homes and property as violence raged.

27. Major Reforms • The peasant uprisings convinced many nobles that they were in danger. • A large number fled to other parts of Europe and were known as Emigres. • The nobles who stayed in France realized the old regime was coming to an end. • They rose in the National Assembly and reluctantly agreed to give up privileges their families had held for centuries.

28. The End of Feudalism • On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly announced the end of feudalism in France. • The church could no longer collect taxes. • The nobility could not demand fees, taxes and labour from the peasants. • All positions in churches, government and the army were opened to all citizens.

29. Declaration of the Rights of Man • This document set forth the ideals of the French Revolution. • It reflected people's hopes for individual rights, freedom and equality. • Government now belonged to the people as a whole.

30. Women's March on Versailles • Many Parisian women earned a living making hats and dresses for noblewoman. • However, hat makers and seamstresses found less work, as aristocratic families fled France. • Unemployment worsened as did hunger. • On October 5, 1789, thousands of women marched twelve miles in the pouring rain to Versailles to protest a shortage of bread and soaring food prices. • They stormed the palace and forced the royal family to return to Paris.

31. French Revolution Recap Video

32. Further Reforms • Louis had no choice but to cooperate with the National Assembly. • Over the next two years, the Bourgeoisie made sweeping changes. • The following three drastic changes were:

33. 1. Government Administration • The country was divided into departments governed by elected officials. • The metric system became standard. • The assembly made changes in land ownership. • Land was seized from the Church and of nobles who had fled. Much of this land was then sold to peasants.

34. 2. Church Influence • The National Assembly tried to bring the Church and the clergy under state control. • In 1790, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed. • This law stated that bishops and priests were to be elected by popular vote and paid by the government.

35. 3. Constitutional Government • Perhaps the most important act of the National Assembly, was the adoption of the Constitution in 1791. • This document limited the power of the king and set up an elected lawmaking body, the National Assembly. • To vote for representatives to the assembly, one had to be a male taxpayer. • This barred all women and about 30% of adult men.

36. Women in the Revolution • Women wanted better education for girls, fair laws dealing with marriage and divorce, and the right to sit on juries. • In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft, an English writer, published "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman". • She stated that the rights of man should be extended to women. Better education should achieve this goal.

37. The Radical Stage of the Revolution • The Constitution of 1791 marked the end of the first stage(Moderate Stage) of the French Revolution. • The Bourgeoisie had made many gains: • Ended special privileges. • Limited the king's powers. • Provided people a chance to take part in government. • Some felt the reforms had gone too far. • The Revolution entered the second stage marked by violence that rocked much of Europe.

38. The Flight of the Royal Family • The nobles, the king and queen, Marie Antoinette (a member of the Hapsburg family of Austria) thought the Revolution had gone too far. • She made plans for the royal family's escape to the Austrian Netherlands, where Louis could work with other European monarchs on plans to crush the Revolution.

39. The Escape • Louis and his family slipped out of the palace on the night of June 20, 1791. • Guards arrested them before they could reach the border and returned them to Paris. • This cost Louis a loss of support. • Many people suspected the king and queen of plotting to overturn the recent reforms.

40. Deepening Divisions • Radicals, people who favor drastic change, grew in numbers, as doubts about the king increased. • These included many wage earners and small shopkeepers of Paris. • Were called sans-culottes (men wore long pants, instead of knee-length pants of the upper classes) • They wanted France to become a republic.

41. Deepening Divisions • The Parisian people gained fewer benefits than the Bourgeoisie and the peasants. • Wanted a greater voice in government, higher wages, lower food prices, and an end to food shortages. • The Bourgeoisie viewed the demands of the radicals as a threat. However, other members became leaders of the radicals. • They steered the Revolution in a more violent direction, bringing bloodshed to much of Europe.

42. War With Austria and Prussia • On April 20, 1792, France declared war on Austria. • Was partly due to worries that the family of Marie Antoinette who ruled Austria might help the nobles in a counterrevolution. • A movement to restore the old way of government. • Prussia backed Austria and the two countries invaded France.

43. The Invasion • Prussia and Austria threatened to destroy Paris if the king or queen were harmed. • Enraged, the Parisians rioted. A mob attacked the palace on Aug. 10, killing hundreds of guards and servants. • A radical government, the Commune, seized power and imprisoned the king. • They ordered elections to choose representatives for a new assembly to be called the National Convention. • For the first time, all adult males were granted suffrage, the right to vote.

44. The Revolution in Crisis • The declaration of war on Austria showed that the French Revolution had moved into a radical stage. • Its leaders were willing to take drastic action against all enemies. • The following are three major events that occurred:

45. 1. Execution of the King and Queen • The National Convention met for the first time in September, 1792. • Its first act was to end the monarchy and declare France a republic. • The radical members decided that the royal family was a danger to the republic. They accused Louis of working with nobles and foreign agents.

46. Execution (Cont.) • The Convention, by one vote, sentenced Louis to death. • He was sent to the guillotine and beheaded on January 21, 1793. • Marie Antoinette met the same end later that year.

47. Recap of the French Rev. (Part II)

48. The Radical Stage • 1793 – 1794 • Also known as the 'Reign of Terror'.

49. 2. Expansion of The War • French armies recovered from early defeats, forcing the invading Austrians and Prussians to retreat. • Marched into the Austrian Netherlands. • Britain and Spain became allies of Austria and Prussia. • The once confident French Revolutionaries now found themselves at war with nearly all of Europe.

50. 2. Expansion of The War (Cont.) • By the spring of 1793, the new French republic was in a state of crisis. • Foreign troops had invaded France and were marching toward Paris. • Food prices soared. • Hungry Parisians looted stores. • In western France, clergy and nobles led a counterrevolutionary movement.